Key Concepts
Quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis, while qualitative research uses non-numerical data (interviews, observations, narratives)
Experimental designs use random assignment and control groups to establish causation, while correlational designs can only identify relationships
Internal validity refers to confidence that the independent variable caused the observed effect, while external validity refers to generalizability
Common threats to internal validity include history, maturation, testing effects, instrumentation, regression to the mean, selection bias, and attrition
Basic statistical concepts: mean, median, mode, standard deviation, correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, chi-square
Program evaluation uses formative evaluation (during implementation) and summative evaluation (after completion) to assess program effectiveness
Evidence-based practice requires integrating research evidence, clinical expertise, and client preferences
Why This Matters for the Exam
Research and program evaluation is one of the 8 CACREP content areas on the NCE. The ASWB exams also include research-related questions. Expect questions about research designs, threats to validity, basic statistics, and program evaluation concepts. You do not need to calculate statistics, but you should understand what they mean and when to use each type.
Study Tips
Focus on understanding concepts rather than performing calculations. Know the difference between experimental and quasi-experimental designs. Be able to identify threats to internal and external validity in a described study. Understand the basics of descriptive statistics (mean, median, mode, standard deviation) and when each measure of central tendency is most appropriate. Know the difference between Type I and Type II errors.