What Is a Token Economy?
A token economy is a system in which tokens (points, stickers, chips, or other conditioned reinforcers) are delivered contingent on target behaviors and later exchanged for backup reinforcers (preferred items or activities). Token economies are widely used in ABA because they bridge the delay between behavior and backup reinforcement, allow for individualized reinforcement, and can target multiple behaviors simultaneously.
Designing a Token Economy
Define target behaviors clearly and objectively. Select tokens that are easy to deliver and difficult to counterfeit. Identify backup reinforcers through preference assessments. Establish the exchange rate (how many tokens each backup reinforcer costs). Create a schedule that is initially dense (frequent token delivery) and becomes leaner over time. Post the rules and expectations visually.
Implementation Tips
Deliver tokens immediately following the target behavior. Pair token delivery with specific praise (telling the individual exactly what they did to earn the token). Keep the exchange opportunities scheduled and predictable. Monitor for satiation with backup reinforcers and rotate them regularly. Collect data on token earnings and exchanges to evaluate effectiveness.
Fading the Token Economy
The ultimate goal is to transition from the token economy to natural reinforcement. Gradually increase the response requirement (more behavior per token). Gradually increase the delay between earning and exchanging tokens. Shift from tangible tokens to more natural systems (e.g., weekly allowance). Increase the use of social reinforcement alongside token delivery. Fade the system only after the target behaviors are well-established and consistent.